ABSTRACT
This research report entitled “state of newspaper in Nepal”.
The objective of this research is to give the information to the people how
newspaper in Nepal is progressive and will be more powerful if we try to eliminate
certain hurdles. This abstract mainly concern about the economic sources and challenges
in developing the newspaper. Keeping in
mind the ergonomics and the feasibility of the research both in terms of cost
and complication, it is deemed to be very useful and can be applied for nation
development.
What
is Newspaper?
A newspaper is a printed periodical whose purpose is
to deliver news and other information in an up-to-date, factual manner.
Newspapers appear most commonly in daily editions, but may also be issued twice
a day or weekly. "While the content of a newspaper varies, it generally consists
of a preplanned combination
of news, opinion, and advertising. The editorial section is written by
reporters and other journalists at the direction of editors and may also be
compiled from wire service reports. The advertising content of a paper can
be divided into two parts, classified and display. Classified ads are small,
text-only items obtained via telephone and set into the format by the classified
advertising representative. Display ads are obtained by sales representatives employed
by the newspaper who actively local businesses for this larger,
more visually oriented ad space. A newspaper is printed on thin paper made from a combination of
recycled matter and wood pulp, and is
not intended to last very long. Large printing presses, usually located at a plant separate from the editorial and
advertising headquarters, print the editions, and a network of delivery trucks
bring them to the newsstands and geographical distribution centers for
subscribers."(answers.com) A newspaper is a regularly scheduled publication containing news,
information, and advertising. "Newspapers typically meet four criteria:
Publicity:
Its contents are reasonably accessible to the public.
Periodicity: It is
published at regular intervals
Currency: Its information is
up to date
Universality: It covers a
range of topics." (wikipedia.com)
HISTORY OF NEWSPAPER
History of media goes parallel with the political history. We
can also been immensely influenced by the Nepalese political history and it witness
similar situation in Nepalese context.The
political history of Nepali journalism can be divided into seven phases.
· Traditional communication system
· Rana period
· Period after the establishment of democracy
· Panchayat period
· Period after the restoration of democracy
· Period during king’s regime
· Period following the success of People's Movement-2063 BS onwards
TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
“During the period, there were no any aids of print and audio-visual media.This period of traditional communication
system is non-recorded history of Nepali Media.Bengal
Gazette, as the first newspaper of the South Asia, was published from Calcutta, India in 1837 BS (1780AD). However, it
did not have any effect to the development
of Nepali journalism. Nepal was passing through the unification era at the moment during which no educational or
extra activities took momentum. Owing to
the political, educational,transportation among many other causes, no influential move took place regarding the
publishing of newspapers in Nepal. 'Katuwal
Karaune','Jhyali Pitne', 'Sankha Phukne', 'Damaha Thataune', 'Karnal Phukne'
etc. were in practice for public information and mass communication during this period. Those practices were in
use for a long time and are still in existence in some rural parts of Nepal . Katuwal
played an important role in the history of mass communication of Nepal; village
panchayat used to appoint them as peons. Due to the geographical difficulties,
illiteracy, backward communities and other difficulties in the country, Katuwals
were more effective than other modern media including newspapers to disseminate
information.” (www.nepalitimes.com,)
Rana period − 19o3 to 2007
“This period is considered as the initial phase or beginning of the development
of journalism of Nepal.In 1908 BS, then Prime Minister Jung Bahadur Rana (JBR)
imported a hand press instruments in Nepal from Europe in course of his visit
there. Although it was used for publication purpose only after 58 years of its
entry into Nepal, It was said to be the first press machine here. It was kept
at JBR's then Palace at Thapathali, Kathmandu. Due to the trademark of an eagle
pasted in the machine, it was often called 'Giddhe Press'. But its official
name was Type Printing Press '. The history of Nepalese Journalism began when Rana prime minister Padma Shumsher
Rana had begun
the publishing of a newspaper in Nepal.
He started the printing of Gorkhapatra
in the 1958 Bikram era.The first issue was
published on Monday, May 6, 1901. After a power struggle with the Rana
family,Chandra Shumsher again stopped printing the paper. In the interim, the
paper had reached as far as Britain and France. After pressure from those
countries, Chandra was forced to restart the publication. The first editor was
Pandit Naradev Pandey. Upon resuming the publication, Chandra replaced Pandey
with his brother-in-law, Jay Prithvi bahadur Singh, who was then the petty king
of Bajhang on Bhadra 22, 1960, in the Bikram era. The paper was weekly and 1000
copies were printed. All the government orders, notices, documents and
advertisements were then published in the paper.
Pandey had to receive written permission
from Lieutenant Colonel Dilli Shumsher Thapa Chhetri before sending the paper
to printing. The printing machine brought by first Rana prime minister Jung
Bahadur 50 years earlier during his tour to Britain was used for printing this
paper. It was called V. and J. Fijjins Makers. The printing machine is still in
a museum. It was called gidde press because it had a big figure of vulture on
the top. Vulture is called Gidda in Nepali. A large number of tabloids appeared
as a part of and surrounding the revolution of 1951, when the family rule of
Ranas ended. Since the beginning to this day, Gorkhapatra has been run
under the supervision of the government and, in several instances, this has
been turned into a propaganda agent of the government.
In February 1993, exactly two years after Nepal’s constitution was
amended to permit a free press, Kantipur and The Kathmandu Post
were launched. Its founder is Shyam Goenka who at barely 29 years of age had a
vision of a free press and institutionalization of
journalism in Nepal. He had a setback from the fact that despite the two
newspapers registering leadership in circulation against the backdrop of the
fact that there is hardly any example of a newspaper becoming country's largest
in such a short span of time any where in the world; it did not receive
government advertisements, and was forced to transfer his shares to Namaste
Group (then jointly owned by Binod Gyawali and Kailash Sirohiya) due to
financial crunch. "Kantipur" and "The Kathmandu Post"
became the first private newspapers in Nepal's history.
The two publications quickly found a large audience with the public - as well
as contentious relationship with the ruling regime. The two publications have
in fact been amongst the strongest pillars in institutionalising and
strengthening democracy in Nepal, and have brought about a host of initiatives
in the media sector, till February 93 not thronged by any broadsheet endeavor
till Shyam Goenka, the visionary, gave Nepal a literal 'food for thought' in
the form of the aforesaid newspapers for academicians, intellectuals, thinkers,
policy makers, political leaders and the rest to delve on issues of development
and take the nascent democracy forward towards a reinforced one. Indeed, a deja
vu from the year 1990 when democracy was re-established in Nepal would show as to how these
two newspapers have shaped and moulded Nepal 's democratic destiny.
With
the initiatives of Shyam Goenka, journalism in Nepal today happens to be one of
the most cherished professions for the young literate milieu to opt for and a
much respected domain. After Kantipur, at least half a dozen broadsheet dailies
sprang up in Nepal
over the course of time and the sector has moved towards an organised one since
then. The success of Kantipur from the very onset will always stand as a strong
case study for the media domain across the
world. Likewise after the success
of Kantipur , Samacharpatra, Himalayan
Times ( English)daily, Annapurna Post, Rajdhani Khabar Patrika, etc also started to flow news in
daily basis. These newspapers flew news only in Kathmandu
district but failed to flow in other part of our country. During the time of
new constitution also these newspapers
got pressure from political parties, powerful people and even government.”( www.wikipedia.org)
Newspaper publication during Rana Period
1.Sudha Sagar
2. Gorkhapatra
3 Sharada: Monthly newspaper started publishing in 1991 Falgun, Editor: Rhiddi Bahadur Malla,
4 Udhyog: Fortnightly magazine published first in 1992 BS, Editor : Suryabhakta
Joshi .
Juddha S. JBR was positive to develop media industry in the country. So, this
newspaper was published as a journal to impart industrial information. But it
was converted to the literary magazine after two years .It got published having
various poems of great poet Laxmi Prasad Devkota.
5 Sahitya Shrot: Baisakh, 2004 BS, Monthly Literary Magazine, Editor:
Hridayachandra Singh Pradhan;
6 Gharelu Ilam Patrika: Jestha, 2004 BS, Fortnightly, Editor: Bhimnidhi Tiwari.
It was published by Gharelu Ilam Prachar
Adda (government office)
7. Shikshya: Jestha, 2004 BS, Fortnightly, Editor: Bhimnidhi Tiwari .
8 Kathmandu Municipal Patrika : Manghsir, 2004 BS, Fortnightly, published on
the initiative of Kathmandu municipality .
9 Nepal Shikshya: Asoj, 2005 BS, Monthly, A team of five editors headed by
Trailokyanath Upreti published the magazine.
10 Ankha: Asoj, 2005 BS, Monthly, Editor: Devi Prasad Rimal
11 Purusartha: Poush, 2006 BS, Monthly literary magazine , Editor : Budhisagar
Seshraj Sharma.
12 Jagaran Weekly: Falgun, 2007 BS, Editor: Hridayachandrasingh Pradhan. It was
the first weekly newspaper published from the private sector and first
anti–Rana newspaper.
Various newspapers were published from some cities of India in Nepali language.
(Source: http://npi10month.blogspot.com)
CURRENT STAGE OF NEWSPAPERS IN NEPAL :
The current stage of newspaper (print media)is very powerful in our country. Though many part of the world has already changed the source of information from newspaper to online media. Still ,our developing country
DETAILS OF PUBLISHED NEWSPAPERS:-
|
S.N.
|
Types of Newspaper
|
Registered Newspaper
|
Published Newspaper
|
Printing Technology
|
|
Offset Press
|
Letter Press
|
||||
1
|
Daily
|
298
|
89
|
81
|
8
|
2
|
Bi-Weekly
|
25
|
4
|
3
|
1
|
3
|
Weekly
|
1442
|
381
|
313
|
68
|
4.
|
Fortnightly
|
273
|
40
|
35
|
5
|
(Source: Media Directory, published by Press Council, Nepal)
ECONOMIC SOURCE OF
NEWSPAPERS
1. Advertisement
2. Syndicate
3. Investment from government
4. Investment from political parties
5. Investment from business tycoon/houses
6. Investment from INGOs/NGOs.
CHALLENGES:
1.The newspaper’s main aim should
be public service but it focus on commercial basis.
2.The newspapers should contain
40%advertsiment and 60% of news but the scenario of nepali newspaper is
opposite; it contains 40%news and 60% advertisement.
3.The newspapers always feel
pressure from powerful forces, government, political parties etc.
4.The newspapera are sometimes bias
to some political forces, government etc.
5.The dailies are puto the mark but
the weeklies and the local newspapers from other district lack management in
terms of page layout and design
6.The newspapers focus only on
political news.
7.The newspapers oriented to
other factors than political are less in
numbers.
8.The newspapers should be
youth-oriented and bring changes in the society.
9.The newspapers should cover all
area of the news.
CONCLUSION
Though we
started from Gorkhapatra today we have
come to Nagarik Dainik. During this
phase we faced lots of problems , hurdles changes but still today also newspapers are
still powerful and focusing on giving information to the people. Thus the state
of newspapers in Nepal is progressive
and will be more powerful if we try to eliminate these hurdles.
REFRENCE:
<http://www.nepalpressfreedom.org/content/index.php?option=com_content&view=a
rticle&id=33&Itemid=92>
Adhikari, Nirmala Mani, 2008. Communication,
Media and Journalism and Integrated Study, Prashanti Pustak Bhandari.
Websites:
www.asiawaves.net,
www.nepaldemocracy.org, www.wikipedia.org www.unesco.org, www.nepalitimes.com, www.equalaccess.org
(Note: This Research was conducted by Jivesh Jha, in the year 2010, for the course- MEDS 102, State & Role of Media in Nepal. This Paper was presented as a Term Paper.)
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